SID Symposium (Topical Sessions)

The growing emphasis on higher-quality displays has led to numerous development efforts for devices, driving circuits, and techniques. Papers are invited which address new device struc­tures, active-matrix driving methods, and the resulting improve­ments in the following display characteristics, including image enhancement, gray scale, power consumption, response time, contrast ratio, lifetime, driver cost, etc. Papers addressing a novel pixel structure coupled with a required new driving scheme are especially encouraged.

Poly-Si TFTs have enabled the integration of row and column drivers on the display glass. Increasingly, other circuitry, such as controllers, D/A converters, and dc/dc converters, are also integrat­ed. a-Si:H can be also used for some level of integration such as integrated gate drivers. Papers that advance the state of the art of integrated active-matrix displays are solicited. Flat-panel image sensors can be manufactured with processes similar to those for active-matrix-display arrays. They are used for medical x-ray imag­ing and other sensor systems, including embedded sensors {e.g., image sensors integrated inside an LCD panel and an ambient-light sensor using some display pixels.) Papers that describe the process, design, pixel circuits, and readout electronics for achieving the required performance and wide dynamic range are solicited.

Active-matrix displays produced with low-temperature processes on flexible substrates can provide increased durability, better shock resistance, decreased weight and thickness, and unique product shapes. Contributions are sought on low-temperature a-Si:H, poly-Si, or organic TFT processes and performance, flexi­ble-substrate material issues such as chemical-attack inertness or dimensional tolerance control due to shrinkage, compaction and/or warping, substrate material, and processing cost. Papers on flexible displays resulting from these developments are espe­cially encouraged.

Flat panels have taken over most of the IT market, including the notebook and monitor markets. However, a great deal of continu­ous efforts are required to provide high-performance active-matrix displays. In addition to a manufacturing-cost reduction, many TFT makers are improving the following display performance: wide format, larger size, high brightness, improved video image, high resolution, and wider viewing angles. For notebook computers in particular, active-matrix displays need to be thin, light in weight, of low power, and robust. Papers that highlight new active-matrix technologies which improve the overall display performance are encouraged.

An ultra-low power consumption is extremely important for any portable displays, including handhelds and notebook PCs. Ultralow-power technologies include, but not limited to, superhigh-aperture TFT, high panel transmittance, highly efficient backlight­ing, dynamic backlighting, \ow-Vth LC material, charge sharing or recycling, step charging, new driving schemes, low digital volt­age, avoiding double voltage conversion, pixel memory, partial updating, highly reflective displays, etc. Papers are particularly encouraged in this area.

Because of its rapid improvement in display performance and HDTV infrastructure readiness, LCD TV is merging as a main­stream technology in consumer electronics. To ensure the penetration in the TV market, AMLCD TVs must have high bright­ness, high contrast, gamma and color consistency over viewing angles, fast response times, high-quality image processing, and must be manufactured in large sizes at low cost. This session will focus on active-matrix technology advances directed towards TV and HDTV applications.

Organic LEDs have been a focal point in the display industry because of its superb image quality and slim form factor. However, AMOLEDs must overcome the following obstacles in order to achieve high-volume production: differential aging, image burning, power consumption, backplane consistency, manufac-turability, and cost. Papers related to AMOLED technologies, such as pixel structure, circuitry, and driving scheme, with an emphasis on its backplane advances, are solicited.

Active-matrix displays are enjoying rapid growth in cellular phones, MP3 players, and other handheld applications. Special requirements for small mobile displays include low power con­sumption, sunlight readability, slim form factor, image quality, and video performance. Papers on reflective, transflective, and trans-missive AMLCDs or AMOLED displays that address these needs and advance the state of the art are solicited. Contributions are also sought on novel pixel designs, process, high integration, and addressing methods for handheld displays.

Over the last several years, there has been tremendous progress in using optically transparent semiconductors as the active layer of thin-film transistors. Critical issues with these technologies are the issues associated with mass production of these devices, stability, uniformity, and overall device characteristics. Clearly, to be viable these devices need to be made at costs comparable with conventional Si-based TFTs. Papers related to transparent TFTs and displays driven by transparent TFTs are solicited.

The high performance of new TFT processes (especially LTPS TFTs) enables the monolithic integration of analog and digital display driver circuits as well as other peripheral functions on the active-matrix-display substrate. The resultant display modules have increased display functionality, performance, and reliability. Papers that advance the devices, circuits, or systems that allow for integration of row and column drivers, controllers, D/A convert­ers, and dc-to-dc converters, etc., into active-matrix backplanes for display applications are solicited. Issues to be addressed are yield and performance of these advanced circuits, as well as their integration in display systems.

New TFT materials or TFT architectures based on both Si and non-Si thin films, such as nanoparticles, nanowire, and hybrid TFTs, are solicited. Because the solar-cell device process is simi­lar to the TFT process, papers on any organic, inorganic, or hybrid junction devices are solicited.

With flat-panel-display technology becoming increasingly mobile, the need for improved energy efficiency and ruggedness also becomes more important. Applications already range from hand­held devices and head-mounted displays to automotive dash­boards, heads-up displays, and micro-projectors. Most applica­tions are moving toward higher resolutions and higher perform­ance, creating unique issues to be resolved for small-format display and virtual-image applications. What are the hottest emerg­ing display applications? What new requirements must be met to take current displays to the next steps for existing applications? How will improved mobility play out in entertainment and games?

The era of e-cinema is upon us, with the possibility for major cost reductions in production and distribution that may restructure the entire industry. For small-screen sizes (no longer so small), flat-panel and projection televisions are now available at affordable prices, and viewing area and performance are improving steadily. What will be the future in entertainment and gaming displays? Which display technologies will share in these markets? Which will dominate? This session is a forum for reviewing display developments in these areas and discussing these issues.

Digital cinema is an opportunity to make optimal use of the strengths of digital display technologies. Multiple commercial and home-cinema applications exist. What are the best solutions to the data transmission and presentation issues? Where will stereoscopic 3-D fit in to the future of digital Cinema? What new features can be provided to improve the entertainment or communications experience?

Three-dimensional display systems are currently in use in medical modeling and CAD applications and are continuing to evolve and seek new markets. Unique and interesting applications and approaches for 3-D display systems will be described in this session. How and when will 3-D or stereoscopic imaging impact entertainment and gaming in a major way?

The information-display capabilities of PDAs, HMDs, cell phones, and handheld games, to name a few personal display applications, are expanding rapidly. Full color, improved performance, 3-D, and (always) reduced costs are key display parameters needed to support the growth of the personal electronics markets. Papers describing the implementation of displays for these new applications are sought for these sessions.

Papers on the application of mid- or large-sized displays for signage, kiosks or advertising and information messages are solicited. The technology can be LCD, OLED, plasma, projection (rear or front), or any other evolving technology. The application can involve a monolithic display or several tiled flat-panel displays or projected images. Applications can be for indoor, outdoor, or bright illuminated indoor conditions. Papers on the tiling of displays with seamless abutting for command-and-control rooms, for example, are also solicited.

Displays are broadly used in the medical profession to enhance information transfer and access medical histories, to enable broader use of "telemedicine," and to enhance diagnostics. The full range of emerging medical-display products and systems, from head-mounted systems to aid in surgery, to high-resolution displays for x-ray diagnosis, will be discussed in this session.

Demands for greater functionality in automotive and avionics displays are growing. Full-color wide-screen formats, headset and see-through displays, flexible displays, higher resolution, and increased brightness and contrast, as well as lower costs, are needed to meet these demands. This session deals with new and enhanced display technologies to meet emerging vehicular applications.

Papers on methods of man-machine interaction, including the technologies related to software and system integration, are solicited. The technologies can include touch panels, imaging methods and features extractions, and feedback methods. Papers on innovative tools to replace mouse and trackballs and the integration with the display are also solicited. Imaging can include imaging tools and gesture algorithms.

Display technology has been advancing to provide more resolution, size, and performance for less money. Energy efficiency becomes especially important for large-screen and for mobile applications. Materials of construction and end-of-life disposal have created major issues for CRTs, so how do we make the new displays more environmentally friendly at end-of-life? The continually changing and varied regulations around the world to protect the environment can be challenging. What are the anticipated issues for the display industry and how can these be better addressed?

Novel, emerging, and/or other unique displays can offer an opportunity to solve issues that many may not even realize as issues until a solution is presented. What unique imaging applications can be brought to reality and what opportunities exist for displays and virtual imaging that even the science-fiction writers have not yet thought of? From microdisplays to handhelds to wall displays to projection systems, all sizes and approaches are ot interest. Papers are solicited which highlight true creativity with serious engineering behind it.

Displays are used in a wide variety of applications, including under a wide range of viewing conditions, requiring the ability to achieve a large tonal range to take full advantage of the relatively large dynamic range of the human visual system. Similarly, recent advances have made it possible for displays to provide color near the limits of human vision. Paper submissions concerning perception of high dynamic range, dynamic or bright illumination conditions, imaging chain color management, color artifacts, gamma adjustment, bit depth, and models of tone and color perception, including color-appearance models, are encouraged.

Significant improvements in display image quality have been achieved in recent years, yet opportunities for improvement abound and new methods for quantifying these opportunities and improvements are required. Submissions concerning the impact of display size and viewing angle, spatio-temporal interactions, quantification and amelioration of video artifacts, image-quality metrics, and human-vision models are encouraged.

In specialized applications, including certain medical, avionics, and automotive applications, the performance of the display system can impact the user's ability to perform life-critical tasks. Paper submissions concerning improvements in human performance as a result of display, image processing, visualization, or user-interaction improvements are encouraged.

Although traditional displays provide a very compelling experience to the user, they often do not facilitate the richness of our everyday environment. Advanced topics for improving the realty of the displayed content are of particular interest. Paper submissions concerning the usefulness and usability of 3-D, immersive, and virtual displays; cross-modal interaction (e.g., display or sensing of touch/sound/smell/efc), and techniques for improving human attention and human interaction are sought.

Despite the maturity of matrix-driven displays, there is no limit to improvements in the driving convention, particularly with new demands such as high refresh and large-area driving, high bit depth, and crisp rendition of moving images. In addition, emissive displays, such as LEDs, PDPs, OLEDs, and FEDs, have some major advantages over non-emissive displays, such as LCDs and LCoS. However, these displays require different driver performance and driving schemes than non-emissive displays. Papers are solicited that cover the advancements in drive schemes, intra-panel interconnects, and novel features, architectures, or circuits of driver and controller ICs required to deliver these improvements on various types of displays.

High-quality presentation of video requires different types of processing, depending on the nature of the content and the characteristics of the display used. This session will focus on innovative video-processing algorithms and circuits; for example, MPEG (de)coding, noise reduction, de-interlacing, scaling, detail enhancement, color-space transformations, spatio-temporal dithering, and frame-rate conversion.

The RGB analog interface has long dominated the display of digital information from computers. However, most flat-panel modules have digital interfaces. This has driven the establishment of data-transmission methods such as TMDS, LVDS, GVIF, etc. Now, new interface standards such as DisplayPort or wireless interfaces are emerging. This session discusses the encoding methods, the physical layer design, the performance of interfaces, and the design of receiver and transmitter circuits.

Image quality remains the most important market driver for any display application, and it can be optimized by improving the display as well as by applying suitable image and video processing algorithms. These algorithms can go beyond traditional video and image processing, and address various display-specific aspects. Areas requiring continuing improvement include resolution, sharpness, motion fidelity, contrast, gamma, color, and black level. Papers on work on any such image-quality improvement for LCDs or other display types are solicited.

Over the past years, the LCD backlight has evolved to an advanced adaptive component that results from highly co-optimized design with the LCD panel. Several performance breakthroughs, for example, in contrast, color gamut, motion fidelity, and power consumption, have been realized by driving the backlight and panel in a coordinated way. Furthermore, new backlight technologies such as LEDs are rapidly emerging, requiring new types of driving electronics. Papers describing these novel backlight driving technologies are solicited.

Ongoing advances in panels and backlight technologies have dramatically increased display contrast ratios over the past years. This has led to the new area of "high dynamic range" technologies, which presents numerous new challenges and opportunities to optimize the quality of information display. Moreover, this is a highly multi-disciplinary area that requires expertise from display system design, signal processing, and human vision science. Authors are encouraged to submit electronics-related papers specifically in the area of high-dynamic-range display systems. This can range, for example, from driving circuit design to image-processing algorithms or from image acquisition to advanced drive schemes.

Because both television and new computer operating systems are placing new demands on unit-to-unit color and gamma accuracy, there are numerous schemes emerging which provide solutions. Especially the emergence of different (wider) color gamuts that pose new challenges for color control. Papers are solicited that describe improved electronics or algorithms (optimizations) related to color and gamma control.

Several new approaches are being developed to reduce the blurring of moving objects on LCDs. This session discusses the latest advances in this area from an electronic-systems perspective, covering motion-blur-reduction circuit and algorithm design, as well as novel drive schemes and integrated solutions. Topics include high-frame-rate driving, impulse-type driving, backlight driving, response-time compensation using memory storage and bandwidth reduction methods, and ultra-fast-response methods. Also, papers on digital-signal-processing-based approaches for characterizing motion blur are encouraged.

The need for lower-power displays has been the major driving force behind the development of many FPD technologies, mainly in the portable/mobile market area, but low power is also gaining importance in the large-display market. At the same time, display-performance requirements are becoming more and more demanding, and maintaining low-power dissipation continues to push development and innovation. Besides low power, mobile applications present constraints for display system design that are entirely different from most other applications. This leads to ICs that are designed specifically for mobile displays, dealing, for example, with different display specifications, a broad application } space, optimizations for varying ambient conditions, micro-power ' circuits for systems with super-low-power reflective displays, and, ; of course, low cost. Papers are solicited that deal with system architecture, interface design, and circuits concepts that will reduce system power consumption, as well as the latest developments in mobile-display electronics, ranging from ICs and system integration to specific electronic components.

Digital TV and HDTV represent an expanding marketplace in which integrated electronics can provide lower cost, more features, and often higher fidelity solutions. In order to deliver this, the semiconductor industry is pushing forward to highly integrated solutions. This session will discuss digital and mixed-signal SoC solu- I tions, such as silicon tuners, VSB/QAM/ QPSK/COFDM demodulators, MPEG decoders, video processors for format conversion | and image improvement, and TCON functionality. Papers describing the tradeoffs and merits of newly developed ICs from this marketplace are solicited.

More and more driving circuitry is integrated into the panel fabrication itself. Papers should address the design and performance of integrated drive circuits for flat-panel displays, including poly-Si and a-Si TFT-LCDs as well as reflective light valves (LC or micro-mechanical) based on single-crystal-silicon substrates. Papers dealing with architectural and system-partitioning issues, yield and cost impact, and performance limitations as well as detailed circuit design approaches are encouraged.

New display principles keep emerging, sometimes addressing new market segments and sometimes directly competing with established technologies. Typically, a different display technology also requires a different drive scheme and corresponding electronics. Papers are encouraged that describe the challenges and solutions that are found while developing electronics for emerging display technologies.

Recently, touch sensing has become an integral part of many display systems. With this, (integrated) drive circuits and other electronic components for controlling the touch sensors are now almost as important as the drivers for the display itself. Advanced drive schemes and cost-effective electronics design will further improve the performance and extend the functionality of these systems. Papers are solicited that deal with architectural and system-partitioning issues, interface design, and novel circuits concepts or drive schemes related to the electronics for touch sensing.

Innovations in reduced-mask processes, roll-to-roll processing, changeover from glass substrates to flexible displays, ink-jet printing compared to lithographic color-filter processes, wet etching compared to dry etching, new materials involving a supply chain, materials usage and disposal, waste management, and other related energy and environmental changes to the use of the earth. Papers that analyze these changeover processes in real terms of energy and waste management are encouraged Education of the industry in simple processes such as packaging and shipping displays in light of teaching other companies how to mange their environmental footprint are solicited. Infrastructures of building new flat-panel-industry manufacturing sites and how this relates to planning ahead to minimize footprint and maximize green are recommended for submission. Technical discussion and analysis of chemical changeover processes, mask and process changeover, display-type comparisons in relationship to the volume of wastes, energy consumption, and desirable and undesirable effects on the planet are welcomed. Encouragement is given to each submission to analyze, where appropriate, the changes in technology, materials, or processes in real term usage of environmental resources and the change in the supply chain and how the innovation in the manufacturing processes change or alter the environmental footprint. Please contact Laurenp@ qualcomm.com for questions.

AMLCDs continue as the dominant display technology in a wide range of markets; in addition to the cell phone, notebook-computer, and monitor markets, television applications are a clear target for this technology. The continued success of AMLCDs,

particularly for large-display applications, depends to a large extent on further optimization of manufacturing technologies while migrating to ever-larger motherglass. Areas of current optimization efforts include mask/complexity reduction, TACT time or yield improvements, and reduction in the consumption of manufacturing materials and manufacturing methods such as one-drop filling (ODF) for large-area panels. In addition, as the motherglass moves into Gen 10 size, the logistics of substrate handling and processing, and overall factory layout, present significant manufacturing challenges. Papers discussing any of these topics are appropriate for these sessions. In addition to the above topics, papers describing advances in the manufacture of other non-emissive displays are solicited, such as reflective and MEMS-based displays. These may include papers describing advances in the manufacture of poly-Si based AMLCDs, such as advanced crystallization and activation methods and equipment; novel manufacturing methods for the production of STN-LCDs; or innovations in the manufacture of liquid-crystal—on—silicon (LCoS), MEMS, DLP, or electronic-paper displays. Encouragement is given to each submission to analyze, where appropriate, the changes in technology, materials, or processes in real term usage of environmental resources and the change in the supply chain and how the innovation in the manufacturing processes change or alter the environmental footprint. Please contact Laurenp@qual-comm.com for questions.

These sessions will cover advances in the manufacture of emissive displays. While the venerable CRT continues to find its market position under threat from a range of emissive and non-emissive display technologies, CRT manufacturers continue to refine their processes to improve performance and add new features at ever-lower cost. Papers describing these advances are solicited for these sessions. Among emissive displays, PDP technology offers significant competition in the large TV/HDTV market, with a continued reduction of manufacturing costs being a key to that success. Papers describing advances in this area are encouraged. Other emissive technologies, such as TFELs, FEDs, and OLEDs, are also continuing to gain market presence, leading towards full-scale manufacturing. Of particular interest are manufacturing techniques for FEDs utilizing carbon nanotubes. The future success of the new emissive technologies requires the development of robust, cost-effective manufacturing processes to yield defect-free displays at competitive prices. Papers describing advances in these areas are appropriate for these sessions. Encouragement is given to each submission to analyze, where appropriate, the changes in technology, materials, or processes in real term usage of environmental resources and the change in the supply chain and how the innovation in the manufacturing processes change or alter the environmental footprint. Please contact Laurenp@qualcomm.com for questions.

Emissive, non-emissive, LCoS, DLP, OLED, FED, reflective displays, and MEMs, as well as other display types each have different manufacturing assembly and packaging requirements. Papers describing module and display assembly, including plate-to-plate alignment and encapsulation techniques, interconnect technologies such as ACF, and other flex and chip attach methods will be addressed in this session. Encouragement is given to each submission to analyze, where appropriate, the changes in technology, materials, or processes in real term usage of environmental resources and the change in the supply chain and how the innovation in the manufacturing processes change or alter the environmental footprint. Please contact Laurenp@qualcomm.com.

Material developments to support the efforts of the display manufacturer are appropriate topics for these sessions. These topics include new substrate materials, properties, and handling methods; improvements in consumable materials such as photoresist and sputter targets; and performance-enhancing materials such as sealing frits, polarizers (including film and coated polymer types), and optical enhancement films. Assembly, module, and interconnect materials such as adhesives, desic-cants, and ACF are included. Papers dealing with flexible films, roll-to-roll materials, and ink-jet printing are solicited that relate to manufacturing improvements and manufacturing analysis; separate sessions are available for new flexible printing processes (see Flexible Displays). Encouragement is given to each submission to analyze, where appropriate, the changes in technology, materials, or processes in real term usage of environmental resources and the change in the supply chain and how the innovation in the manufacturing processes change or alter the environmental footprint. Please contact Laurenp@qualcomm.com for questions.

The advent of new display types, sizes, and features mandate the development of new processing equipment and techniques. These sessions will focus on the development and application of new designs or unique adaptations of equipment for the manufacture of displays. Possible topics include equipment advances in the areas of robotic handling, thin-film deposition and patterning, roll-to-roll printing, and flexible films, spacer construction, and/or application. Papers applying methods of ink-jet printing to display manufacturing are encouraged. Encouragement is given to each submission to analyze, where appropriate, the changes in technology, materials, or processes in real term usage of environmental resources and the change in the supply chain and how the innovation in the manufacturing processes change or alter the environmental footprint. Please contact Laurenp@qualcomm.com for questions.

Papers addressing final assembly, test, and repair are subjects of these sessions along with in-line testing and production-yield monitoring. Papers are requested covering technology advances for the manufacturing and handling of very large AMLCD and PDP glass substrates and how this relates to both equipment and factory design, impacting test and repair methods and yields. Testing of smaller displays such as for the cell-phone market may have a different set of manufacturing test requirements; advances in these areas for yield improvements, new methods and cost reduction techniques are also encouraged. Also of particular interest are developments in the areas of automated optical inspection (AOI) and array repair. Encouragement is given to each submission to analyze, where appropriate, the changes in technology, materials, or processes in real term usage of environmental resources and the change in the supply chain and how the innovation in the manufacturing processes change or alter the environmental footprint. Please contact Laurenp@qualcomm.com for questions.

Market demands continuously drive display requirements towards greater optical performance at reduced cost. As new display manufacturers make the transition from development to produc­tion, a systems approach to manufacturing will yield the biggest

reduction in cost. Papers dealing with this approach will be the focus of these sessions. Possible topics include cost reduction and systems integration, quality management and resource planning techniques, manufacturing economics, cost-of-ownership issues, environmental awareness, and the human factor in display manufacturing. Additionally, alternate manufacturing techniques such as roll-to-roll processing are solicited for these sessions. Encouragement is given to each submission to analyze, where appropriate, the changes in technology, materials, or processes in real term usage of environmental resources and the change in the supply chain and how the innovation in the manufacturing processes change or alter the environmental footprint. Please contact Laurenp@qualcomm.com for questions.

All forms of display technology continue to benefit from advances in materials and components, such as light-steering films, polarizers, color filters, glass coatings, diffusers, EMI filters, etc. Utilizing these advanced components requires proper optical characterization and a thorough analysis of the complete system in which the components are installed. Authors are encouraged to submit papers which demonstrate how these materials and components can be properly characterized and any required advances in measurement technology that have evolved.

Each new type of flat-panel display requires optical measurements to demonstrate its performance. Usually, numerical models are produced to aid the design process. Papers are solicited which explore the theory of these optical models and then correlate the models against measured results. Authors should carefully describe the physical measurement methods as well as the model details.

All aspects of traditional display characterization must be taken into consideration when describing the performance of 3-D displays, but additional qualities related to or influenced by the 3-D features of this special type of displays are manifest. Authors are encouraged to submit papers that are unique or of special interest to 3-D display characterization.

The vastly different physical properties of the various display technologies make it very difficult to design equivalent characterization methods. Papers are solicited which propose and evaluate measurement methods for comparing the image quality between display technologies in similar applications in repeatable and understandable ways. Papers on characterization of phenomena such as motion artifacts, which are strongly dependent on the display technology used, are welcome.

Banks of LCD monitors are frequently calibrated in-situ to provide uniform luminance and color performance. For on-site applications, sophisticated and expensive instrumentation can often not be used because of the associated cost and/or complexity. Sometimes it is possible to use suitable methods with lower-grade instruments and adequate software to optimize the adjustment of monitors for a given task. Authors are encouraged to submit papers on their developments and experiences in this field of work.

The field of display metrology continues to benefit from the growing number of instrument developers, along with the ever increasing range of instrumentation designs. Along with this opportunity comes the challenge of verifying the accuracy and traceability of new instruments, as well as their suitability for a given task. Authors are encouraged to submit papers which describe their recent work in calibrating, testing, and validating new instrumentation.

Demanding applications such as medical imaging and professional graphics impose unique demands on the chosen displays and the methods used to characterize their suitability. Authors are encouraged to submit papers that explore the performance of accepted measurement methods and evaluate the correlation of these methods to real-life acceptance in-situ.

With the formation of the International Committee on Display Metrology (ICDM), the field of display measurement is experiencing a resurgence of new methods and concepts to address difficult problems. Authors are encouraged to submit papers which explore the performance and correlation of ICDM-proposed methods or methods from any other current international standard.

New and unconventional display systems of today are sowing the seeds for the new products of tomorrow. From microdisplays to handhelds to wall displays to projection systems - all sizes and approaches are of interest. Papers are solicited which describe new concept display systems and may include novel devices, integration, or image processing.

Display systems employ a variety of technologies, components, and subassemblies for use in a myriad of applications in industrial, civil, and military environments. Because the display systems provide a high bandwidth pathway to the user's decision-making process, the potential exists for high payoffs in applications with effective user interaction. Papers are solicited that describe new applications for display systems and the more effective use of display systems in existing applications. Of interest are characterizations of improvements in controlling and monitoring of operations, real-time processes, and development of new effectiveness measures.

An increasing number of cinemas are incorporating stereoscopic projection systems, and stereo movies are making record-setting box office returns. Success in the cinema is creating a demand for stereoscopic home theaters. Stereoscopic displays present two images with binocular disparity, increasing the perception of depth in a scene. Autostereoscopic displays enable glasses-free stereo viewing, and multi-view autostereoscopic displays can provide

motion parallax as an additional depth cue. Papers are desired that explore technologies to generate, transmit, and present stereo images accurately. Technologies to reduce crosstalk, improve luminance uniformity, enable accurate stereo for multiple viewers, or reduce the system cost are of particular interest.

In addition to stereoscopic cues, the human visual system uses a range of correlated depth cues when perceiving a real 3-D scene, including matching focus (accommodation) and vergence cues. Cue conflicts in conventional stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays can lead to discomfort during extended viewing periods. Volumetric and holographic displays can create a more accurate light field with correct vergence and accommodation cues, but present a number of technical challenges. Papers are solicited that describe advances in core volumetric or holographic display technologies, as well as approaches to manage the computational load of voxel or holographic data, such as methods to reduce the complexity of 3-D images without causing cue conflicts in the visual system.

Technologies that enable and leverage wireless video transmission are of growing interest. These systems can be used in a range of applications, including home entertainment systems that wirelessly connect a DVD player to a wall-mounted flat-panel television and untethered head-mounted displays. Papers are solicited which describe technologies to enable high-bandwidth wireless channels for video transmission, video compression advances that enable video transmission through lower-bandwidth channels, methods to enable secure transmission, and systems that utilize wireless video.

In the design of mobile devices, such as cell phones, conflicting criteria are present: on the one hand, there is a demand for increased display size and resolution so more information can be presented; while, on the other hand, there is a pressure to reduce the overall size and weight of devices and to increase battery life. Near-to-eye displays offer a compact and low-power solution that can provide large high-resolution imagery to users. Near-to-eye displays include electronic viewfinders for cameras, bring-to-eye displays in advanced cell phones, personal theater systems, and head-mounted displays used in mobile computing, head-up-display, augmented-reality, virtual-reality, and computer-gaming applications. Papers are solicited which address novel image sources, optical system designs, and integration of near-to-eye displays into various devices.

As we move to an ever-more-connected society, mobile displays are becoming ubiquitous in cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), enterprise digital assistants (EDAs), and in many other mobile applications. All of these applications require low power, low weight, and small volume/thickness while maintaining adequate visual properties to support the many differing mobile markets. Unique systems designs that improve and/or optimize any or all of these aspects of mobile displays are solicited for this session.

Avionics and automotive displays are evolving with every new generation of aircraft and automobile to provide better human interfaces and new functions to increase safety and performance. Modern aircraft and automobiles share common needs such as head-up displays (HUDs) for safety, navigation aids such as GPS displays, and on-board entertainment for passengers. Papers are solicited which describe automotive and cockpit display systems, multimodal interfaces, head-down displays, HUDs, enhanced vision systems, synthetic-vision systems, and highly innovative avionics and automotive display solutions.

Recently, LCD systems have made great strides toward improved image quality. One of the final challenges for full acceptance of LCD TV is to achieve blur-free motion images. Possible solutions include improved driving methods, advanced image-processing techniques, backlight modulation, high-speed driving, or combinations of these technologies. Papers which address improved LCD motion-image performance are solicited.

Next to motion blur, the contrast of LCD panels is a limiting factor toward acceptance of LCDs for TV use. In addition to improving the contrast of the panel itself, suppressing the reflection/scattering of ambient light in bright-room conditions and maintaining high black uniformity in dark-room conditions are also of high interest. Papers are solicited that describe novel technology enhancing LCD contrast, either via improvements in the panel, improvements via additional films, or via improved dimming of the backlight.

To achieve an LCD TV/Monitor with an extended color gamut, the key technical challenge is to develop and produce a backlight which employs and mixes red, green, and blue light from LEDs into uniform white light. To improve contrast, potential advancements in the LED-backlighting arena include real-time dynamic color and brightness control and self-adjustment to maintain color and brightness levels over time. Further potential improvements are related to efficiency, thermal management, and a reduction in the blurring effect created by fast-moving images. New or improved technologies that delineate RGB LEDs, pseudo-white LEDs, or LED-CCFL hybrid backlight-based displays, including theory, simulation, and design in each of the areas of optical, electrical, and mechanical design are solicited.

Recent developments in field-emission technology have enabled flat and plane light sources as backlights. This technology enables thin and high-luminance backlights with no use of mercury. Papers related to field-emission backlights are solicited.

One of the key issues related to LED backlights is heat generation, which causes reduced efficiency of the phosphor system. Independent LEDs with an additional phosphor layer could improve both efficiency and color mixture. Papers are solicited which discuss LEDs + phosphor or UV + phosphor technologies.

Because the power required to drive the backlight is a dominant concern in the power budget of an LCD system, the demand for optical components to minimize light loss is increasing. In addition, the efficiency and spatial luminance uniformity are critical to the total performance of the the system. Papers on novel optical components employed in either an edge-lit or direct-lit backlight system are solicited. Of particular interest are papers addressing the following areas: (i) optical components that propagate light from a point or linear source into a planar light source to increase uniformity of the display, (ii) optical components that diffuse light to provide a uniform light distribution from any viewing angle, (iii) optical components that redirect the light to a desired direction to provide boosted luminance at desired viewing angle, (iv) employment of micro-optics in the LCD lighting design, and (v) other novel optical components that employ unique optical characteristics to increase light utilization efficiency.

Innovative backlighting approaches are required for backlights for near-IR, IR, and night-vision systems, as well as for medical monitors. These applications can have unique requirements regarding luminance, uniformity, and power-consumption. Papers are solicited that address the challenges associated with developing backlights for these and other unique domains and describe novel technologies that enable advances in these areas.

The plasma-display-TV market is in strong competition with LCD TV. Full-high-definition 1080-line PDPs have now been realized at 42 in. and larger sizes, using single-scan driving. By using new designs, the efficiency continues to improve, but further reduction of power consumption is required. In addition to these features, advanced fabrication processes should reduce the cost. New materials are needed for high-efficiency operation at high xenon levels; especially, the MgO layer has to be optimized or replaced. Papers concerning subjects related to the science and technology of innovative cell designs, materials, processes, image quality, and driving methods are solicited.

There has been progress in the development of materials for efficient full-color inorganic EL displays. New panel structures using highly saturated phosphors or color-conversion materials that realize full-color EL displays have been reported. Papers on EL phosphor materials and processing, EL device structures and modeling, color EL display design, fabrication techniques, performance characterization, and drive electronics are solicited.

Full-color super-large-area displays consisting of LEDs were brought into the marketplace due to the successful development of blue-emitting LEDs for wall and information displays. Papers which describe the science and technology of LED materials, phosphors for LEDs, and characteristics for display applications are solicited.

Plasma displays, field-emission displays, and CRTs are all light-emitting devices that use phosphors. The development of new phosphor materials and nanocrystal phosphors for these devices are expected to improve their reliability and luminous efficiency. Papers which describe the science and technology of phosphors for these devices and photonic materials for display application are solicited.

The majority of FED work has moved from using Spindt emitters to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the cold electron source. Papers about CNT l-V performance, low-temperature deposition, and improved uniformity are solicited.

Contributions on all forms of non-thermionic emitters applicable to a flat display are welcome. Improvements in the l-V characteristics, uniformity, potential manufacturing costs, or reliability of cold cathodes are also appropriate for this session.

Exploration of new materials for field emission or substantial modification of existing materials will be presented. Papers that offer improved l-V characteristics or extended lifetimes are solicited.

Integrated FED designs including spacers, sealing, and exhaust processing as well as overall device operation will be included in this session. Advances in FED components such as spacer design and construction are also welcome. New concepts in FED design will also be included in this session.

Advances in phosphor materials, screening, and deposition techniques together with internal anti-reflection coatings and other surface-treatment techniques that are designed to optimize the contrast and other ergonomic properties of CRTs and FEDs are solicited.

This session will cover designs and simulations on electron guns, thermionic electron emitters, deflection yokes, shadow masks, glass panels, and funnels. Also included are CRTs for 3-D (stereo) displays, medical imaging, character-readout displays (VFDs), tiled modules for stadium-sized displays, and lamps using hot or cold electron sources.

Recent developments in field-emission technology have enabled flat and plane light sources as backlights. This technology enables thin and high-luminance backlights with no use of mercury. Papers related to field-emission backlights are solicited.

One of the key issues related to LED backlights is heat generation, which causes reduced efficiency of the phosphor system. Independent LEDs with an additional phosphor layer could improve both efficiency and color mixture. Papers are solicited which discuss LEDs + phosphor or UV + phosphor technologies.

This topic includes perception, various optical aspects, and their measurement, as well as the ergonomic aspects of a cathodoluminescent display in its workplace. Improvements that increase the sunlight readability of CRTs and FEDs are applicable to this session.

Electronic paper combines the benefits of ink on paper with the rewritability of an information display. This category includes both rigid and flexible displays. Papers submitted in this category may cover such topics as new materials for electronic paper, characterization and measurement of e-paper display performance, or integration issues specific to electronic-paper displays. Backplane electronics, integrated drive electronics, drivers, and user interfaces for e-paper displays are included in the topic.

Flexible OLEDs continue to be of high interest in the display community. Papers describing novel techniques enabling flexible OLEDs/OLED displays, flexible high-efficiency and robust materials, flexible encapsulation/passivation techniques and materials, manufacturing methods suitable for flexible OLEDs, and stable passive- and active-matrix flexible black-and-white, gray-scale, and full-color displays are particularly welcome. In addition, novel architectures for flexible OLEDs such as stacked and top-emitting OLEDs on flexible substrates, simplified device structures, and flexible OLEDs capable of enhancing optical extraction efficiency, etc., are solicited.

Liquid crystals are the most familiar non-emissive displays. MEMS technology is always important as micromirrors in projection displays, but novel emissive and non-emissive applications for direct-view mobile displays, e-paper, and signage are also under active development. Papers are sought on MEMS, electro-phoresis, electrowetting, electrochromism, and other non-emissive technologies, as well as their associated materials for flexible applications.

Organic TFTs are now showing great promise as a potential low-cost TFT alternative to Si-based TFTs for a range of display applications, and particularly for flexible-display applications. Printed electronics promise revolutionary low-cost backplanes. Recent work has shown significant improvements in TFT performance. To ensure success, these devices must show sufficient mobility, low leakage currents, acceptable on/off ratio, good uniformity, and especially good stability, both environmentally and under bias stress conditions. Papers related to OTFT and printed electronics performance and papers describing different displays driven by these technologies are solicited. Active-matrix displays produced with low-temperature processes on flexible substrates can provide increased durability, better shock resistance, decreased weight and thickness, and unique product shapes. Contributions are sought on low-temperature a-Si:H, poly-Si, oxide-based organic, or new TFT processes and performance, flexible substrate material issues such as chemical-attack inertness or dimensional tolerance control due to distortion, compaction and/or warping, substrate material, and processing cost. Contributions are also sought on novel pixel designs, process, high integration, and addressing methods.

Material developments to support the efforts of flexible-display development are appropriate topics for these sessions. These topics include new substrate materials, properties, and handling methods; flexible barriers, improvements in consumable materials such as photoresist and sputter targets; and performance-enhancing materials such as adhesives, polarizers (including film and coated polymer types), and optical enhancement films. Assembly, module, and interconnect materials such as adhesives, desic-cants, and ACF are included. Papers dealing with flexible films, roll-to-roll materials and processes, and ink-jet printing are solicited.

As new flexible-display technology is developed for e-paper, OLEDs, and novel display technologies, a key aspect of their commercialization will be reliability to both environment and mechanical stressing. Papers are sought that address these issues including testing results, tools, procedures, and materials,

As new technologies are maturing, novel processing methods are being developed to take advantage of new materials and substrates. This topic includes low-temperature processing of materials; roll-to-roll manufacturing, printed, and solution-based processing of electronic materials. Electronic circuits on flexible substrates are also included. Papers discussing advances in tools, materials, devices, and displays are sought.

Papers related to large-area high-resolution LCDs for advanced monitor and TV applications with emphasis on displays or key components, including backlight, driving and video process technologies for high-contrast ratio, high panel transmittance, wide viewing angle, low color washout, fast response, low moving-image blur, and high video qualities are solicited.

Papers in improving thickness, weight, size, robustness, flexibility, transmittance, contrast ratio, power consumption, sunlight readability, and SOG as well as value-added functions such as touch input, scanning function, direct writing input, TV on the go, and exploratory advances for mobile LCDs are solicited.

Bistable displays offer many advantages such as no crosstalk and low-power operation. They are ideal for portable and remote devices. Absence of crosstalk also means bistable displays are capable of high resolution. Papers focused on the development and application of BTN, FLC, BCD, and other bistable LC technologies are solicited.

Papers related to LC materials, science, and optics of LC- based flexible displays are invited.

With the trend to ever-more portable and low-power electronic devices such as mobile phones, DSC, DVC, PDAs, e-books, games, laptops, small TVs, and DVD players, there is a growing need for reflective and transflective displays with improved visual performance. Many of these applications are demanding full-color video performance. Papers are solicited to cover this important field from basic electro-optical effects to the creation of display systems in which all aspects of the visual requirements are addressed.

Ferroelectric liquid crystals have shown a wide variety of effects ranging from binary, bistable, analog, and three-state antiferro-electric switching. Their microsecond switching speed has already led to the commercialization of full-color time-sequential displays. In addition, hybrid technologies such as polymer-stabilized FLCs have shown remarkable promise in expanding the inherent beneficial properties of FLCs. This represents the next wave in fast-switching LC technology based on new display modes. Papers describing the latest advances in new effects, device fabrication, new FLC structures, modeling, alignment, and driving methods for this promising class of materials are solicited.

Electronic paper combines the benefits of ink on paper with the rewritability of an information display. Papers submitted in this category may cover topics such as new LC materials, characterization, and integration issues specific to LC-based electronic-paper displays.

While LCDs are the most familiar non-emissive displays and MEMS technology is important as micromirrors in projection displays, various novel non-emissive technologies also are under active development for direct-view mobile displays and signage. Papers are sought on MEMS, electrophoretic, electrowetting, electrochromatic, and other non-emissive display technologies, their associated materials, fabrication, driving methods, and applications.

Microdisplays are becoming popular in various applications. Handheld LED-based micro-projectors are being pursued for portable devices. This session will focus on recent advances in LCOS, HTPS, and LTPS microdisplay technologies, including panel design, LC modes, and optics. Papers in LED-based system integration are welcomed.

Fast optical response is an essential factor to improve the image quality of LCDs; in particular, for those requiring full-motion video

images without motion blur. It is also of great interest for field-sequential-color displays. Faster frame rate is the most practical method to reduce motion video image blur in LCD TVs. The session discusses all aspects of fast response in LCDs, such as LC materials, cell parameters, and fabrication, display driving including over driving schemes, and novel LC modes.

Modeling of LCDs often provides insight into the physics of observed display characteristics. This insight can lead to optimized or entirely new types of display devices. The session will focus on modeling methods and their application toward the understanding and optimization of LCDs. Submission of papers in this area are encouraged.

Papers on enhancing viewing angle and improving color washout and gray-scale performance using new LC modes, cell designs, driving techniques, new illumination schemes, improved materials, and optical compensation of various LC modes, such as TN, IPS, MVA, and OCB, are solicited.

Display films used for LCDs provide significant value and differentiation to display systems. Some films, including compensation films, brightness-enhancement films, light-redirection films, polarizers, mirrors, anti-reflection/anti-glare films, and privacy filters, may have optical effects. Other films may have functions such as static or thermal dissipation, EMI shielding, and front-surface protection. In this session, papers on all films that add value to the LCD are welcomed.

There is a growing need for higher-image-quality LCDs. Enormous efforts have been made to develop advanced materials and components, such as liquid crystals, polymers, and compensators to improve the image quality of conventional LCDs as well as to develop novel LCDs with such features. Papers covering recent advances in materials and components for uses in modern displays featuring fast switching, wide viewing cone, good color fidelity, etc., are solicited.

Papers on all aspects of LCD reliability are solicited. These include the physics and analysis of LCD defects and blemishes, LCD failure mechanisms and life enhancement, accelerated life testing, acceptable defect limit, and reliability requirements for various applications. LCD reliability data and methods to reduce defects and enhance reliability and life are welcomed.

Papers on new alignment materials, processes, characterization techniques, stability issues, mechanism, and modeling are solicited. New alignment materials, methods, and processes for AMLCDs, wide-viewing-angle LCDs, and defect-free LCDs are particularly welcomed.

The enhancement of the EO characteristics of LCDs by the doping of nanoparticles and the functionalization of surface alignment layers for LCs using nanotechnology are interesting and useful. Papers furthering this new era in LCD technology in terms of nanotechnology are highly welcomed.

Drive schemes play very important roles in the ever-demanding display industry. Papers regarding the advanced development of LCD drive schemes and non-emissive displays for power reduction, response-time improvement, image-quality enhancement, lower-cost design, and improved EMI are solicited.

Liquid-crystal technology has been used in a wide range of applications other than displays. Especially, optical components using liquid-crystal materials and technology appear to be very promising. Papers on technology using liquid crystals in alternative applications related to LC-based optical components, such as LC microlenses, LC microprisms, LC gratings, LC retarders, and LC-based optical compensation films are solicited.

Liquid-crystal/polymer composites, including microencapsulated liquid crystals, have proven capable of providing interesting properties difficult to achieve with conventional liquid-crystal devices. Examples include large-area displays, flexible displays, and optical effects based on diffraction, light scattering, or dichroic absorption. This session will include recent advances in nematic, cholesteric, and smectic liquid-crystal composite systems.

Advertising and signage is moving rapidly from the use of printed media to electronic displays. Some technologies such as LED and projection displays are already well established in this area, but the development of liquid-crystal displays specifically for signage applications is now increasing. Submissions are invited of papers which address specific aspects associated with signage such as sunlit and low-ambient readability, reflective and transflective technologies, optimum display and pixel size, ability to tessellate displays into seamless display surfaces, environmental requirements, efc.

Novel full-color OLED fabrication and patterning techniques that are capable of producing high-resolution displays are of high interest for the industry. Papers dealing with recent advancements in areas of transfer technology, ink-jet, and other novel small-molecule deposition techniques are particularly welcome.

Solution-processible OLED materials and devices are drawing considerable attention in the fabrication of full-color OLED displays using ink-jet screen, flexographic, and other novel printing technologies. Process and materials adaptations for new OLED-manufacturing methods are also welcome. Papers describing amorphous small-molecule, oligomer, polymer, and dendrimer solution-based technologies for depositing organic stacks and metal electrodes are solicited. Particularly, approaches to obtain multilayer devices from solution are highly welcome.

High efficiency, high CRI, and robust white OLEDs for RGBW displays, color-filter approaches, solid-state lighting, and backlighting for LCDs are of special interest to the display and energy-conscious communities. Papers describing novel materials (fluorescent and phosphorescent) and device architectures that are capable of producing efficient and stable white emissions are particularly welcome.

OLED TV continues to draw attention in the R&D community and is catching the fancy of the public. Papers on all areas of technology development related to the fabrication of small- (handheld) to

large-sized AMOLED TV which includes materials (small molecule, polymers), novel device structures, panel making, process improvement, full-color patterning, driving, system integration, and manufacturing issues are sought.

Papers in the area of OLED and polymer-OLED materials and device architectures with state-of-the-art performance in terms of color chro-maticity, high power efficiency, and long operational lifetime at display level luminance are sought. Of particular interest are deep-blue and white devices with high efficiency, color, and long lifetime.

Papers in the area of OLED devices with rare and exceptional characteristics such as 3-D (stereoscopic), polarized emission, and transparency are sought. Papers addressing novel and robust materials and fabrication techniques are especially welcome.

Flexible OLEDs continue to be of high interest in the community searching for a killer application for OLED technology. Papers describing high efficiency, long-lifetime materials, and novel device architectures, suitable for both rigid and flexible substrates, are solicited.

The continued improvements of organic materials via molecular engineering and fundamental studies of dynamics of charge carriers and excited states are important to the OLED industry. Papers treating injection, transport, and recombination phenomena in individual materials and in complete OLED devices are sought, including modeling and computational chemistry techniques. Of particular interest are contributions that apply the understanding of device and material fundamentals to design OLEDs with high efficiency, low voltage, long lifetime, and saturated color emissions.

Lifetime of OLED devices remains one of the most serious problems impeding wide acceptance in display and lighting applications. Papers providing insight into degradation mechanism and describing novel materials and device architectures to substantially increase lifetimes, suppress differential aging, and image sticking are solicited.

Papers are solicited for novel techniques that enhance out-coupling efficiency of OLEDs. These include areas of microcavity, index matching, optics, simulation, and design of OLED micro-displays.

Encapsulation is critical to ensure long operational lifetime of OLED displays. Papers describing packaging and thin-film encapsulation advancements for novel designs such as top-emitting displays are of particular interest to the community.

Papers related to the systems-level design of projection systems and light engines are encouraged, as are papers related to the design of the image-generating microdisplay or other elements.

Emerging applications require new technologies and designs. Papers dealing with miniaturization of projection systems, performance of such systems, technology advances required to enable low power consumption, etc. are encouraged.

These applications require ultra-high levels of contrast, brightness, and resolution. Papers that describe how such performance requirements are met are solicited.

Of special interest are papers that describe advances in solid-state (LEDs and lasers) and arc-lamp technology and how they may be incorporated in projection systems.

Papers are welcomed that focus on methods for improving throughput and efficiency of illumination systems as well as dealing with issues of compactness, polarization, and speckle.

Developments in color-management approaches, underlying technologies, key components, and modeling are included in this sub-topic.

There is special interest in designs that allow projection systems to meet space-constrained applications. Papers relating to this sub-topic will deal with light-path design, opto-mechanical components, and system trade-offs.

Papers on advances and performance improvement in screen technology for front and rear applications are sought.

Increasing brightness requirements for projection systems coupled with decreasing size of imagers (in order to reduce cost) put emphasis on the durability of the optical components in the projector environment. Papers dealing with this topic are encouraged

Drive and higher-level electronics/processors are central to projection-system image quality and video performance. Developments in electronic system design, ASICs, and electronics/ component integration are vital projection-display topics.

Total system miniaturization aimed at reducing cost, form factor, and weight in projection systems challenges the opto-mechanical and thermal-management designers. Novel approaches and component developments that provide solutions are of interest.

Papers under this sub-topic include advancements in ray-tracing (e.g., applied to illumination design), visual science, polarization effects, thermal control, and component reliability.

Comparison of the performance and cost of projection systems to flat-panel displays is of interest to a wide variety of attendees.